Ans1A Essay - 1015 Words

Microeconomics: Week 1 Review Questions 1) Suppose that the wages of young high school graduates fell. In what sense has the true â€Å"cost† of a college education been changed by this development. Other things equal, if wages of young high school graduates decline, the potential alternative use of time spent studying in higher education†¦namely, working with only a high school education†¦has relatively less value. Therefore, the opportunity cost of student study time measured in foregone wages is lower. Assuming no change in the explicit costs of higher education (tuition, fees books), the opportunity cost decline has reduced the overall cost of higher education. 2)Suppose that a real estate developer buys a parcel of land for 3†¦show more content†¦The magnitude of this opportunity cost depends on the difference between the rate of return that could be earned on these funds if they were invested in other assets and the rate of return that the checking account pays. For different investors with different attitudes towards risk, the alternative investments undertaken with their $2000 and the rates of return expected on those investments might differ. The opportunity cost of this minimum balance requirement for very risk averse investors is not as great as for those with greater risk tolerance, since very low risk investments have a lower rate of return than assets exposed to market risk. 4)Several years ago most major countries signed an agreement to phase out the manufacture of Chlorofluorocarbons (which were extensively used in the production of insulation panels in refrigerators and air-conditioners). How is the opportunity cost of this ban affected by the availability and cost of substitutes for Chlorofluorocarbons? We will still need insulation for refrigerators, air conditioners and the like. But the ban will force manufacturers to switch to substitute materials and processes that utilize more human and material resources than were utilized in the production of CFCs. The additional resources which must be used in producing insulation after the ban reduce the resources available for use in other goods and services. These foregone otherShow MoreRelatedCompensation Management9389 Words   |  38 PagesCompensation Management Q1.a. What is the role of compensation and rewards in modern organization? What arethe advantages of a fair compensation system? Ans1a. Role of Compensation and Reward in Organization: Compensation and Reward system plays vital role in a business organization. Since, among four Ms, i.e Men, Material, Machine and Money, Men has been most important factor, it is impossible to imagine a business process without Men. Land, Labor, Capital and Organization are four major factors

Pro Legalization of Prostitution Essay - 1151 Words

Pro Legalization of Prostitution The world’s largest trade, prostitution, has always found ways to overcome the legal attempts to suppress it. Prostitution has become one of the most common trades throughout the world. Many poor countries have turned to prostitution as an outlet from their economic difficulties. It is the easiest from of labor for those who do not have a proper education or the economic background to join the legal labor force. Many men and women have found this line of work to be extremely rewarding in monetary aspects. Therefore the globalisation and popularity of prostitution is not seen as a huge surprise. Prostitution has been on the streets and behind doors since the sixteenth†¦show more content†¦The Victorians tolerated prostitution, but never accepted it as part of their society. By the mid-nineteenth century, prostitution became more open and accepted. Men of all social classes went to brothels and engaged in sexual activities with street prostitutes. The government became lenient in their resistant to strengthening the laws against prostitutes. Regulation or systematic toleration was put into place as a result of the changing attitudes towards prostitution. The government realized that prostitution could never completely disappear, so it was tolerated and regulated simultaneously. Street prostitution is the largest group of prostitution today. It is the easiest to join because there are not many necessities or requirements involved. Three major groups of street prostitution exist. Professionals who work full time for a living, the ones who work to feed a habit, and the part-time workers who work to support their family The professionals join this line of work through their own volition and make a long life career out of it. Many of them are sex crazed and therefore choose to become prostitutes. The prostitutes that work to feed a habit, usually work to get money for drugs and alcohol. Intravenous drugs has become linked with prostitution in the past few years. The criminalization of prostitution has forced it into the streets where drugs and alcohol are abundantly present. TheShow MoreRelatedProstitution: Should A Change Be Made? Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution: Should A Change Be Made? Prostitution is often called the world’s oldest profession. By definition, it is â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† It has been around since the first civilizations of Mesopotamia and isn’t going anywhere. Prostitution is also one of the most controversial topics in todays modern society. There is a wide variety of different pros and cons related to this subject. With these pros and cons come supporters andRead MoreWhat is Prostitution?1838 Words   |  7 Pages According to the 2014 Merriam-Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the act of having sex in exchange for money† (â€Å"Prostitution†). In the United States, the trafficking of sex sales has been illegal since the early 1900’s, with the exception of the 49th state, Alaska (Head). The trade was deemed unethical by the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, also credited with the ban of drug use and the elimina tion of alcohol in the 1920’s. Today, in all but two states, the buying and selling ofRead MoreEssay on Legalization of Prostitution1607 Words   |  7 PagesThough illegal in the United States, prostitution is still a strongly prevalent crime happening all across the nation. Currently, a person participating in the crime of prostitution will be charged with a misdemeanor (Liberator 2). People every single day are being charged with a misdemeanor for this specific crime. Statistically, it may even seem like this crime is being caught more often than other, more extreme crimes. Prostitution is a strongly enforced crime that costs America large sums ofRead MoreThe Legalization Of The Prostitution1040 Words   |  5 Pages Prostitution has long been called the world’s most ancient profession. Many records proof that people used sex selling as a sort of payoff. Whenever the settlers were running around killing the natives, they were also enjoying the pleasures of regional prostitutes. Appolodprus, a Greek philosopher and historian declared For we have courtesans for pleasure, and concubines for the daily service of our bodies, and wives for the production of legitimate offspring and to have a reliable guardianRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1150 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the chance to pick an arguable topic arose I chose one that has been particularly sensitive within my own group of friends. The question is: Should prostitution be legal? My question is: Why shouldn’t it? By all means I respect the opinion that having sex for money is completely illegal in most states but what about stripping? Stripping is completely legal and paid for lap dances aren’t the only advancemen t allowed. Strippers are allowed to receive payment to have sexual encounters within theRead MoreProstitution And Its Effect On Public Health Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is defined as â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† It is commonly referred to in the media and among society as the â€Å"oldest profession in the book†. This is easily explained by the ancient references that are present in religious tales of the Old Testament in the bible to modern day â€Å"red light districts† across the United States. Prostitution and its legality have always stirred up a mixture of emotions across countries, cultures andRead MoreProstitution in America1528 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the United States prostitution for the most part is illegal. Around the world though is practically the opposite. Why is prostitution so unacceptable in the US? The US is one of the few countries in the world where prostitution is illegal. When I say for the most part I mean that in some counties in Nevada prostitution is legal. Downfalls of Legal Prostitution Prostitution is legal (with some restrictions) in Canada, most all of Europe including England, France, WalesRead MoreProstitution Essay1724 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution has been a part of our worlds culture since the beginning of time, and is the worlds oldest profession. Ever since the beginning of time man has felt the need to pay for services of a sexual nature, whether are legal or not. In our culture; however, prostitution has become a topic of debate concerning the merits of this professions legality. In viewing the legalization of prostitution one must take into account all the pros and cons of the situation, but more importantly what isRead MoreThe Legal And Social Implications Of Prostitution1039 Words   |  5 PagesThe legal and social implications of prostitution have been a topic of much concern over the past few decades. Although the issue has been heavily debated, a proper answer to its legalization or criminalization has not yet been defined in many cou ntries throughout the world. While some view that â€Å"sex work† is a justifiable occupation that should be protected under human rights, others argue that it’s legalization would do more harm than good. According to the Health and Human Rights Journal (2014)Read MorePro-Prostitution (The Advantages of Prostitution)1469 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is the act or practice of engaging in sexual activities in the exchange of money (Dictionary.com). Prostitution is believed by many to be the world?s oldest profession with its roots tracing back to ancient times (Otchet). It is a common belief that prostitutes are only women, but the truth is that prostitutes are predominantly of the female gender. In today?s modern society prostitutes are frowned upon by society because they see it as being on the same category as drug addiction and

Abnormal Psychology Therapist Gender and Severity of Illness

Question: Discuss about theAbnormal Psychologyfor Therapist Gender and Severity of Illness. Answer: Introduction The Study will examine whether the gender of the Therapist and the Severity of the Illness influences the effectiveness of Humanistic Psychotherapy provided to patients with Abnormal Psychology. Data will be collected from Mental Health Institutes regarding the severity of disorder a patient is suffering from and the gender of the patients.60-100 patients of the age group 18-60 years who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included for the study. Effectiveness of humanistic Psychotherapy will be measured by recovery progress of the patients and any significant correlation between the two concerned parameters will be measured. The effectiveness of the psychotherapy can be measured by interviewing the patients regarding therapy experiences and their perception of benefits from the therapeutics process. Process type strategies will be utilised for quality assessment of the concerned psychotherapy. Provider and consumers are surveyed in this process and medical records are obtained. Th is study can infer about any difference in effectiveness due to the gender of the Therapist and severity of the Illness, which can help provide a more person-centred care by evaluating the personal needs of the patient. Psychotherapy has been widely practised for patients with Abnormal Psychology or Mental health disorders. This therapeutic approach is mostly utilised for patients with depression, anxiety disorders, stress disorders, personality disorders, history of drug abuse so on and so forth. Various types of psychotherapies are found to be effective. Cognitive Psychotherapy, Behavioural Psychotherapy and Humanistic Psychotherapy are most widespread among the psychotherapy techniques (Sue Zane, 2009, August). Studies show that gender of the therapist can and does effect psychotherapy provided to a patient; although the effects are complex and sex-bias is not a justified term in this regard (Barker Pistrang, 2015). Structured physiological therapies have proved to be beneficial for Patients with severe and recurrent bipolar disorders (Scott et al., 2006). Previously the role of gender on group-cognitive behavioural treatment has been studied (Watson Nathan, 2008).Humanistic Therapy offers a h olistic and humanistic approach for providing intervention to patients (Schneider, 2015). It focuses on the fact that human beings are capable of taking control of their own lives. Humanistic Therapy is increasingly common in the field of Psychology as it can help a patient understand his/her own self. They can achieve a perception about their believes and feelings and even reach self-actualization through Humanistic Psychotherapy (Patterson Joseph, 2007).Humanistic Psychotherapy is client/person cantered, constructive, and emotion-focused and focusing oriented. Meta analyses show that patients who are provided with therapies, which follow humanistic psychological standards, have significantly high post therapy gains and on average experience considerable change over time compared to the patients who did not receive such treatments (Elliott, 2002).Empathy of therapists is considered to be the key factor for effective humanistic therapies in most studies. Effectiveness of various th erapies on severe mental disorders has been studied previously (Leichsenring Leibing, 2007). Few studies have been conducted regarding the issues of Humanistic Psychotherapies compared to other modes of therapeutic interventions. Gender factors and severity illness have been addressed in several studies in concern with cognitive and behavioural studies. Hence, the scopes of previous studies have been limited by the selection of the specific study and the dependent variables chosen. Aims and Hypotheses Studies have shown thatthe effectiveness of psychotherapies depend on several factors that include characteristics and behaviour of therapist, cooperation of family and even external life events. Several techniques are prevalent; each sufficing the patient centred specific requirements. This study focuses specifically on Humanistic Psychotherapy and how its effectiveness is related to the gender of the provider and the severity of the disorder of the receiver. It is hypothesized that the gender of the therapist will have negative influence on the outcomes experienced by a patient undergoing Humanistic Psychotherapy. It is also hypothesized that the severity of the mental health disorder suffered by the patient has direct association with Humanistic Psychotherapy. Method Participants Participation of around 60-100 patients are desired for the purpose of this study. The participants will be chosen based on certain inclusion criteria. Patients suffering from anxiety, depression and stress of varying severity will be chosen who have been under Humanistic Psychotherapeutic interventions for at least six months. The efficacy of the therapy will be evaluated by interviewing the patients regarding the same and by recording medical records from the hospital databank. The selected group must age between 18-60 years of age. Participants will be selected from various certified health care institutions of Australia. Demographic information and socioeconomic status of the patient needs to be collected to standardize the effectiveness outcomes. A near even distribution of male and female therapist is desirable. Prior permissions were obtained from the target group and the concerned organizations to avoid ethical issues. Design The independent variable of therapist gender and severity of the disorder will be recorded from relevant data collected from the medical reports of the patients and the personal details of the therapists. This will be a quasi-experimental study design. Participates will be asked to report their self-experience throughout the period of the study. Materials Questionnaires will be used to get the desired information about the effectiveness of the therapy from the patients (Shedler, 2012). Question will be framed to gain information regarding patient experience, the feeling of comfort he/she experiences and the connected and security with the therapist. Progress in mental health as reported by the therapist and from various medical parameters will also be collected. The independent variable of therapist gender can easily be obtained from the personal details of the therapists. The other independent variable of severity of illness can be obtained from the records of case history of the patients. Procedure With required permission from the institution authority, the study participants and the therapists, information about the gender of the therapists and the severity of illness of the patients will be collected. The purpose and significance of the study will clearly be explained to the patients and their families. The patients will be asked to share their experience regarding empathy of the therapist towards the patient and relatedness he/she feels with the therapist. They will be asked about how capable the therapist is in terms of comprehending the seriousness of the issues suffered by the patient. The patients were also asked to comment about the compassion of the therapist. Results The response from the questionnaires will be evaluated by the standard scaling methods. Measures from patients regarding the various parameters that determine the efficacy of the Humanistic Therapy will be estimated from the reports of the interviews and questionnaires. The independent variables, gender of the therapist and the severity of the illness as obtained from the mentioned methods were then related to the dependent variable of Therapy efficacy. If the proposed hypothesis is proved true, discrepancies in the effectiveness of the psychotherapy will be observed in case of male and female therapists as well as the level of severity of the disorder. It is expected that the questions will provide clear inconsistency regarding the perception of patients on therapist gender. It is also expected that with increase in the degree of disorder severity the effectiveness of therapy will shoe a negative relationship. If no significant association is found between the dependent and independent variables of the study, it can be concluded that no inconsistency is prevalent in terms of therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, the hypothesis that therapist gender and severity of the disorder are determining factors of humanistic therapy for mental health disorder patients will be discarded. Further studies are required to ensure the validity of the study results. Discussion Previous researches have studied the matching of clients and therapists in terms of gender and evaluated if outcomes of therapies have any direct relationship with such parameters (Bhati, 2014). Results have showed that there is a female-effect across all stages of therapy. Female therapists have a greater influence both male and female clients in terms of therapeutic outcomes (Blow, Timm Cox, 2008). Psychotherapy has been proved more effective than pharmacological intervention in patients with Serious Mental Illness like Anxiety disorders, Severe depression and Stress disorders (Wampold et al., 2005). Significant difference in outcomes may be due to several personal attributes of the therapist. His/her understanding of several psychological illnesses and critical thinking regarding person-centred care can be the determining factors for the results that will be obtained. No significant difference may be observed if the therapist has unambiguous understanding of the requirements of the patients and ample experience (Kim, Wampold Bolt, 2006) in how to make patients with critical psychological needs feel comfortable and secure about sharing their personal problems. The proposed study has some limitations. The variables are not under control the researcher to be manipulated. The study design is quasi-experimental and no control group will be evaluated for comparison with the therapeutic intervention group. If the study successfully provides any significant relation between the dependent and independent variables, it can be applied in daily life practice to gain beneficial outcomes for the patient and help improve the process of mental health recovery. However, further research focusing on humanistic psychotherapies and the factors that influence the same needs to be studied in the future. Long-term observations of therapeutic interventions are required to provide valid adequate inferences regarding the topic of interest. References Baldwin, S. A., Wampold, B. E., Imel, Z. E. (2007). Untangling the alliance-outcome correlation: Exploring the relative importance of therapist and patient variability in the alliance. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 75(6), 842. Barker, C., Pistrang, N. (2015).Research methods in clinical psychology: An introduction for students and practitioners. John Wiley Sons. Bhati, K. S. (2014). Effect of client-therapist gender match on the therapeutic relationship: an exploratory analysis. Psychological reports, 115(2). Blow, A. J., Timm, T. M., Cox, R. (2008). The role of the therapist in therapeutic change: does therapist gender matter?. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 20(1), 66-86. Elliott, R. (2002). The effectiveness of humanistic therapies: A meta-analysis. Kim, D. M., Wampold, B. E., Bolt, D. M. (2006). Therapist effects in psychotherapy: A random-effects modelling of the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program data. Psychotherapy Research, 16(02), 161-172. Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E. (2007). Psychodynamic psychotherapy: a systematic review of techniques, indications and empirical evidence. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 80(2), 217-228. Patterson, T. G., Joseph, S. (2007). Person-cantered personality theory: Support from self-determination theory and positive psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 47(1), 117-139. Schneider, K. J. (2015). ExistentialHumanistic Psychotherapy. The Professional Counselor's Desk Reference, 201. Scott, J. A. N., Paykel, E., Morriss, R., Bentall, R., Kinderman, P., Johnson, T., ... Hayhurst, H. (2006). Cognitivebehavioural therapy for severe and recurrent bipolar disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 188(4), 313-320. Shedler, J. (2012). The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. In Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Research (pp. 9-25). Humana Press. Sue, S., Zane, N. (2009, August). The role of culture and cultural techniques in psychotherapy: A critique and reformulation. In Asian American Psychological Association Convention, Aug, 1985, Los Angeles, CA, US; The first author presented an earlier version of this article as an invited address at the aforementioned conference. (No. 1, p. 3). Educational Publishing Foundation. Wampold, B. E., Minami, T., Tierney, S. C., Baskin, T. W., Bhati, K. S. (2005). The placebo is powerful: estimating placebo effects in medicine and psychotherapy from randomized clinical trials. Journal of clinical psychology, 61(7), 835-854. Watson, H. J., Nathan, P. R. (2008). Role of gender in depressive disorder outcome for individual and group cognitivebehavioral treatment. Journal of clinical psychology, 64(12), 1323-1337.

Investigation into Enthalpy of Neutralisation Essay Example

Investigation into Enthalpy of Neutralisation Essay The aim of this investigation is to show that heat of neutralisation is an exothermic reaction which produces water. The amount of energy given out for one mole of water is about -57.3 kJ/mol. This needs to proven by this experiment as well.ResultsStage OneThese are the results I gained from the titration.Titrant (HCl)Rough12Initial (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)121022Final (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)22.520.732Titre (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)10.510.710Stage TwoThe results gained are as follows:Time (s)Temp for expt.1 (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Temp for expt.2 (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Average temp (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)0161616518.21818.101025.124.9251528.527.828.152029.428.929.153029.529.129.34029.529.129.35029.529.129.36029.529.129.37029.529.129.38029.529.129.39029.529.129.310029.529.129.312029.229.129.1514029.028.928.9516028.628.228.418027.927.727.820026.826.926.8522026.126.326.224025.525.725.6Calculations for Stage OneConcentration of NaOHMoles = MassMolar massMoles = 8g(23+16+1) = 40= 0.2Therefore concentration of NaOH is 0.2 mol/dmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.Concentration of diluted bench HClMoles of NaOH in 10cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = V à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ C = 10 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.2 = 0.002 moles1000 1000Equation NaOH + HCl à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ NaCl + H2OMoles 1 1Vol/cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10 10.4 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ This figure is the average titre gained from Stage One.Conc. g/dmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 8 xFrom the equation 1 mole of NaOH reacts with 1 mole of HCl to give 1 mole of NaCl and H2O. However, there are only 0.002 moles of NaOH and therefore there must be 0.002 moles of HCl. The concentration of HCl can be worked out the following equation.Concentration = Moles à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1000 = 0.002 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1000 = 0.19 mol/dmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Volume 10.4Concentration of the bench HClThe dilute bench HCl is diluted by a factor of ten and its concentration was found to be 0.19mol/dmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. The bench HCl should be ten times more concentrated.Bench HCl (dilute) = 0.19 mol/dmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Bench HCl = 0.19 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10 = 1.9 mol/dmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Therefore bench HCl has a concentration of 1.9 mol/dmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.Calculations for Stage TwoIn this stage the heat of neutralisation needs to be worked. Firstly, a graph needs to be plotted with the results from stage two in order to work out the maximum temperature rise. Refer to graph 1.Heat of NeutralisationHeat of neutralisation for this experiment can be represented by the following ionic equation:H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2H2O (l) (Na+ (aq) and Cl- (aq) are spectator ions)The equation for heat of neutralisation is as follows:Q = M à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ SHC à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ?TFor this experiment an assumption is made that the specific heat capacities of NaOH (aq) and HCl (aq) are the same as that of water, which is 4.2 J/g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C.The temperature of NaOH and HCl was 16à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C at room temperature. When HCl was added neutralisation took place this is an exothermic reaction which produced a maximum temperature of 29.3à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C (which is shown on graph 1).Heat of neutralisation is worked out by adding the heat rece ived by the solution to the heat received by the polystyrene cup. To simplify the calculations I am assuming that polystyrene is an insulator and it only takes a very small amount of the heat of neutralisation.Calculations to work out heat of neutralisationHeat from neutralisation = Heat received by waterQ = M à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ SHC à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ?TQ = 20 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4.2 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 13.3Q = 1111.88 J/moleQ = 1.11 kJ/moleThe moles of water formed is 0.02 which can be worked out by referring to the word equation. For stage two the bench acid was used. It was worked out that 10cm3 of NaOH consists of 0.002 moles for the diluted bench HCl (this is diluted by a factor of ten). Therefore the bench acid on its own must consist of 0.02 moles. By ratio the equation shows that 0.02 moles of NaOH reacts with 0.02 moles of HCl to form 0.02 moles of water.Therefore the heat of neutralisation per mole= Q = 1117.2 = 55860 = -55.86 kJ/molmoles 0.02EvaluationThe experiment went according to plan and ther e were no anomalous readings in stage two. The aim of the experiment was completed successfully. The heat of neutralisation (exothermic) in my experiment was -55.86 kJ/mol which was very close to the actual reading of -57.3 kJ/mol. My result was within an accuracy of 2.51%. This loss in accuracy may have been due to heat losses through convection, conduction and radiation. This can be minimised by using a vacuum flask which is shown below:The experiment was also simplified because the heat received by the polystyrene beaker was assumed to be negligible. The experiment could have been modified so that the heat received by the polystyrene beaker was also taken account of. This would have produced an accurate result for the heat of neutralisation.In order to investigate this experiment further I would try different acids (sulphuric acid) and alkalis (sodium chloride) in order to prove that heat of neutralisation works for any strong acid or alkali.